Instructions: For matching questions, write the letter of the best answer on the blank line next to the number of the problem. For multiple choice questions, simply circle the letter of the one best answer. For short answer questions, write the correct answer in the blank space provided. Each of the multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions is worth 1 point. For the essay questions write your essays in the test booklet. Each essay question is worth 10 points. The combined total of all questions is 100 points.

6. Which of the following is FALSE?

1. Sidereal days are approximately 24 hours and 4 minutes
2. Solar days are 24 hours
3. Sidereal days are based on the the apparent rotation period of the celestial sphere
4. Solar days are based on the apparent rotation period of the sun
5. Solar days are longer than sidereal days

6. Copernicus is famous for leading a revolution in human thought about the universe. The title of his famous work was

1. Almagest
2. Sidereal Messenger
3. Mystery of the Universe
4. Principia
5. Astrophysics Journal
6. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs

6. Galileo was the first person to use this instrument for astronomical observations:

1. the abacus
2. the sextant
3. the telescope
4. the compass

6. According to Newton’s second law of motion, a force must be acting whenever

1. an object’s mass changes
2. an object moves with constant speed
3. time passes
4. an object’s state of motion changes, i.e. it accelerates

6. Outside the Earth's atmosphere, the scintillation (twinkling) of stars

1. is far more pronounced than from Earth's surface
2. is about the same as from Earth's surface
3. is slightly less pronounced than from Earth's surface
4. does not happen

6. Which is the correct ordering of the electromagnetic spectrum from long to short wavelength?

1. Visible, ultraviolet, infrared, x-rays, microwaves, gamma rays, radio
2. Radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
3. Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio
4. Ultraviolet, gamma rays, visible, x-rays, radio, infrared, microwave

6. For a star moving away from our Solar System, the spectral absorption and emission lines of the electromagnetic radiation we observe will be Doppler shifted, that is

1. reversed so that red wavelengths will become blue and blue wavelengths will become red ones
2. blueshifted, that is shifted toward shorter wavelengths
3. unaffected
4. redshifted, that is shifted toward longer wavelengths

6. The process of removing an electron from an atom is known as

1. Ionization
2. Doppler effect
3. random thermal collision
4. a redshift

6. A common feature in the absorption spectra of starlight, and with frequencies in the visible light range, is the ___________ of the Hydrogen atom

1. Lyman series
2. Balmer series
3. Paschen series
4. K lines

6. The favored scientific opinion on the origin of the solar system is that it formed from

1. A coallescing debris cloud created by the gravitation pull of a star passing too near the sun
2. The collapse of a gas and dust nebula in our region of the galaxy
3. A catastrophic collision of a binary star system
4. The sun’s rotation increasing until parts of its outer atmosphere were thrown off to form planetesimals

6. The planets formed into two main groups: the inner terrestrial planets and the outer Jovian planets. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the formation sequence of the terrestrial planets

1. Heavy elements condense to form grains and then planetesimals
2. Planetesimals coalesce to form planetary cores
3. The Suns radiation pushes gas to the outer solar system
4. Planet cores sweep up huge volumes of gas
5. Remaining planetesimals are accreted by the sun and planets leaving impact craters

6. Comets are believed to originate in

1. Primordial debris from the Jovian system ejected by Jupiter’s moons
2. The asteroid belt
3. Neighboring stars systems
4. The Kuiper Belt and the Oort cloud at the outer edge of our solar sytem

6. We expect that the existence of planets around other star is likely because

1. Since they exist around the sun, they may exist elsewhere
2. We observe Doppler shifted spectra from nearby stars indicating they have a Jupiter-sized planet in orbit around them
3. We observe infrared images showing large, dust disks around nearby stars
4. All of the above

6. Which of the Moons of Jupiter is characterized by an exceptionally smooth, icy surface, few craters, and many streaks and cracks?

1. Io
2. Europa
3. Callisto
4. Ganymede

6. What is the source of Jupiter's intense magnetic field?

1. Electric currents in Jupiter's liquid hydrogen mantle
2. Electric currents in Jupiter's molten rocky core
3. A permanently magnetized iron core
4. Electric currents in ionized layers of Jupiter's atmosphere.

Essay Question. Choose ONE of the following two questions and write a short essay in the test booklet below. Be concise, but use enough detail, terminology, and quantitative information to provide thorough answer. Draw figures where appropriate. A one page answer should suffice, but a second page is provided if necessary. (10 points)

E1. Describe the formation of the solar system, specifically address how this led to the formation of the Earth’s mantel and core.

or

E2. Discuss the existence of life on Mars, in the past and at the present time.